Group 2A The Alkaline Earth Metals Essay Example For Students

Gathering 2A: The Alkaline Earth Metals Essay Introduction:This lab was separated into four sections: Part 1 was tied in with testing for hydrogen gas. Section 2 included finding the pH levels of specific components. Section 3 was tied in with testing for dissolvability. Section 4 was essentially taking in the perceptions and seeming well and good. Procedure:Part 1: 1) Pour about 2.5 mL of refined water into a perfect, dry test cylinder and stand the cylinder in the test tube rack. Add a calcium going to the water in the cylinder. To gather gas being discharged, reverse a spotless, dry test tube holder. 2) Test for hydrogen gas by embeddings a consuming wood brace into the upper piece of the rearranged tube. 3) Add a couple of drops of phenolphthalein answer for the reactant tube. In the wake of mentioning your objective facts, dispose of the substance of the cylinder and perfect and dry the cylinder. 4) Repeat stage 1, utilizing a 10-cm bit of magnesium lace instead of the calcium. On the off chance that no noticeable response happens, heat the water to bubbling, utilizing a test tube holder to hold the cylinder over the burner fire. Alert: Point the cylinder away from yourself as well as other people while warming. 5) Once the water is bubbling, stand the cylinder in a test tube rack and, utilizing a test tube holder, upset a gathering tube over the reactant tube. Following a couple of moments, test for hydrogen gas. 6) Turn off the burner and include a couple of drops of phenolphthalein to the reactant tube. Record your perceptions. Dispose of the substance of the cylinder, and spotless and dry the cylinder. Part 2:7) Obtain 2.5-mL tests of soaked arrangements of calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and barium hydroxide. Test every arrangement with pH paper. Record the pH of every arrangement. Part3:8) Using the research center equalization, measure out 1-g test of magnesium sulfate. Spot it in a perfect, dry test tube. 9) Repeat stage 8 for calcium sulfate and barium sulfate. 10) Add 2.5 mL of refined water to each cylinder. Utilizing a glass mixing pole, mix every blend completely, getting however much of every strong to break up as could reasonably be expected. Record your perceptions of the general solubilities of every one of these mixes. Part 4:11)Stand 3 spotless, dry test tubes in the test tube rack. Utilizing the 0.1M arrangements, include about 2.5mL of the MgCl2 answer for one cylinder, 2.5 mL of the CaCl2 answer for a subsequent cylinder, and 2.5 mL of BaCl2 to the third cylinder. 12)To every one of the arrangements in the test tubes, include around 1 mL of the Na2CO3 arrangement. Record your perceptions. Materials:balancewood splintsburner pH papertest tubes, 13 x 100 mm (3)stirrertest cylinder holderflame testertest tube rackfilter papercalcium turnings (Ca)saturated arrangements of :magnesium strip (Mg)calcium hydroxidemagnesium sulfate gems (MgSO4)magnesium hydroxidecalcium sulfate gems (CaSO4)barium hydroxidebarium sulfate gems (BaSO4)0.1 M arrangements of :refined watersodium carbonatephenolphthalein solutionmagnesium chloridecalcium chloridebarium chlorideResults:See joined dittoDiscussion:For us, there were not a ton of desires for this lab aside from testing for the hydrogen gas, where we believed that gas would be produced in both the calcium and the magnesium, and in the two cases, our theory was right. This lab had a great deal of potential wellsprings of blunder just in such a case that anybody had reused or returned the example of a component, the whole amount of that component was defiled. Thus, there could be sullied tests, grimy test tubes, and even conceivably messy water. Conclusion:I had felt this would have been a befuddling lab, yet as it went on, I wound up understanding the material very well. We were both very captivated by the hydrogen gas explore different avenues regarding the age of sound from fire and gas. All things considered, I saw this as a quite fun lab.

HULSE CHRISTMAS WAR LETTER ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

HULSE CHRISTMAS WAR LETTER ANALYSIS - Essay Example The slug utilization of the regiment was lethal and intended to slaughter all the objectives. Be that as it may, the emissaries were amped up for how hearing the plans of Hamilton and his military men. The military was educated that Russia had grown preferable mounted guns over they had, yet they didn't surrender. The English men were vanquished by Hamilton’s armed force. In any case, Hamilton men resisted his requests and sought after their objectives concerning the war. This circumstance traded off the authority of Hamilton, who was their administrator. This in any case, Hamilton figured out how to persuade his gathering to comply with his requests and retreat to dispatch a far reaching assault on the German and the French soldiers to the channel. He guaranteed that his soldiers didn't establish of French and Germans given that the two gatherings were the principle adversaries of Hamilton troops. Hamilton needed to assemble data on the German and the French. In such manner, he puts under attack two nationals of the two countries. He looked for all the data he required. The contradicting bunch was additionally made out of the 37th and 158th regiments2. The climate supported Hamilton, and nature was tranquil and serene. The climate upgrades their assault. The Germans sent an emissary to remind the English armed force that the Christmas was a pivotal day and that the two countries ought not take part in hatreds. Actually, the emissary carried some rum beverage to impart to the authorities of the extraordinary armed force so as to call a détente. Hamilton and his group remained in the channels during the whole time of the war. The military took their dinners in the channels. There were exhibitions before the Coy, which made Hamilton and his men in keeping vigil of the spot. As indicated by Westrow Hulse, Hamilton and his men were occupied with an entombment exercise of 29 people3. The effects of the late military men were gathered by Giles and kept securely. Hamilton’s men requested their adversaries to discharge the men they caught so as to think about completion the overwhelming war between t two

Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War - Essay Example Lincoln’s activities brought about the accomplishment of the common war. During the American Revolution and the appropriation of the constitution, there developed contrasts between the North and the South. The contentions depended on their changing sentiments on building up another country. Sectionalism expanded in the nation advancing the beginning of the common war due to the distinctive social and financial points of view between the northerners and the southerners. The enthusiasm of every one of the segments was more urgent to its kin than the interests of the entire nation. The common war could likewise have begun as a result of the contrasts between the Free States and the slave States over the intensity of the national government to stop servitude in the locales that were not yet expressed. The diverse philosophical places of the north and the south over the intensity of the government further encouraged the common war. Southern scholars bolstered the idea of the states’ rights. The southerners expected that the central government could have a definitive forces to possess slaves as it did in Northwest Ordinance and Missouri. As indicated by the southerners, the states had the position and not the individuals who, are spoken to by the central government (Finkelman, 2011). Despite what might be expected, the Northerners perceived a definitive intensity of the national government The discussion over Slavery is refered to as the other reason for the common war. The Republicans contradicted growing subjection into the regions and broadcast their perspectives through their applicant, Abraham Lincoln. Then again, the Democrats bolstered the privilege of southern states to bring the slaves into their domains. The northerners underscored on containing the slaves asserting that the slaves were important toward the Northern region.â

Regulatory Frameworks of Indias Industrial Policies

Administrative Frameworks of Indias Industrial Policies Section 3 THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 3.1 INTRODUCTION: THE PARADIGM SHIFT The mechanical arrangement sought after in India for the initial four decades after freedom depended on the communist way of thinking that India grasped, mostly to distance itself from the provincial past and all the more so inferable from the conspicuous accomplishments of the communist development in the post world-war two period. Along these lines, through a Resolution dated April 6, 1948 the administration set out the approach to be sought after in the Industrial field, wherein to make sure about persistent increment underway and fair conveyance, the nation decided on a halfway arranged advancement technique, with the state assuming a significant job. For this reason, the National Planning Commission was built up for arranging, co-appointment, coordination of national monetary action and to detail projects of improvement and to make sure about their execution. On October 30, 1956, toward the start of the Second Five Year Plan, the Government embraced a New Industrial Policy Resolution, which emphasized the above goal and ordered businesses into three classifications as follows: Timetable A were those ventures whose future advancement was the selective obligation of the state. Calendar B comprised of ventures which would be dynamically state-claimed, wherein the state would step up in setting up new endeavors and private undertaking would be relied upon to enhance the exertion of the state. Calendar C incorporated every outstanding industry whose further improvement was left to the activity and endeavor of the private division. This prompted the development of the open area in India, whose share in GDP expanded from 9.91% in 1960-61 to 27.12% in 1988-89. In any case, the reason for concern was that an enormous number of open segment undertakings especially the Non-departmental non-money related ventures were making misfortunes and must be sponsored. Modern endeavors in the private area were liable to control and guideline like the Industries Development and Regulation (IDR) Act (1951) and were required to adjust their business technique and objectives with the wide financial and social goals of the State. The IDR vested with the administration fundamental forces to direct and control existing and future endeavors in various determined businesses. A permit was important for building up another endeavor, taking up the production of another article in a current unit, affecting generous extension, carrying on the matter of a current endeavor and changing the area of a current unit. A Letter of Intent (LOI) was given for segments/exercises under necessary permit under the IDR Act, 1951. The LOI was changed over into Industrial License on culmination of determined customs. Further, to forestall imposing business models and convergence of financial force in the hands of private area, in 1969, the Monopoly and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP) was instituted. Every one of these guidelines and controls prompted increment in organization, repressing venture and industry. Likewise, given the condition of the economy with restricted assets, rare capital and immense populace base, the improvement philosophy rotated around the idea of protection and ideal usage of capital in order to expand business (and not really yield). Organization of new capital was carefully controlled and managed in order to address social issues and expand business. Further, when the capital was focused on any action and a specific business was made, it was ensured at any expense regardless of whether it was non-reasonable despite showcase powers. Work serious innovation and business age were likewise the justification behind the underlying backing of little scope industry. Be that as it may, later, when it was understood that advanced little scope industry was not really work serious, the contention went to empowering the section of new business people in industry. A scope of items were saved for select creation in the little scope division, disposing of potential rivalry from medium and huge firms. There were no weights on the littler firms to improve innovation, update creation procedures or lessen cost modernize or practice. There was a characteristic disincentive to develop past a specific size, on the off chance that they needed to proceed with creation of a held item. Along these lines economies of scale couldn't be utilized and advertise mutilations were across the board. Until 1991, the core value of Indias mechanical strategy was confidence, which centered around indigenous creation and decreased reliance on remote capital and outside innovation independent of the expense or potentially quality. This led to the making of a huge modern base, enhancement of items, proprietorship and area. Be that as it may, without local rivalry, send out contention and rivalry of imports, industry developed with an absence of cost and quality cognizance, prompting moderate development, expanding shortfalls and obligation lastly the emergency in 1991 which made ready for financial changes in India. A portion of the segments of the change bundle include: Changes in Industrial Policies as far as delicensing of most enterprises and deregulation of businesses prior cornered by the open division Progression of remote exchange through consistent decrease in levies and opening up of the outside venture restrains in many businesses joined with measures to draw in FDI into the nation Macroeconomic adjustment through considerable decrease in monetary deficiencies and governments draft on the private divisions investment funds Different changes incorporating those in tax collection, budgetary division, protection segment, open part, and so on. During the most recent decade and a large portion of, these changes have reoriented India from a moderate paced, halfway guided and profoundly controlled economy to a solid, energetic, quickly developing and market-accommodating one. There now exists a globally serious private segment with differed scope for coordinated efforts and joint endeavors and an encouraging administrative system that is developing to coordinate the worldwide norms. This Chapter looks to give a diagram of the expansive system of guidelines administering business in India especially with regards to: Mechanical Policy Remote Investment Policy Hostile to Trust Regulations Work Laws Insurance of Intellectual Property Rights Other Economic Laws Procedures 3.2 INDUSTRIAL POLICY The Industrial Policy Resolution 1956, generously expanded through the Statement of Industrial Policy 1991 and resulting declarations which changed the economy gives the fundamental system to the general mechanical approach of the Government of India. 3.2.1 Industrial Licensing The necessity of getting a modern permit for assembling has been nullified for all ventures aside from a short rundown of businesses associated with security and vital concerns (held for open part), social reasons, unsafe synthetic concoctions and abrogating ecological concerns. The rundown of things requiring mandatory authorizing is looked into on a progressing premise. The phase of LOI has been abstained from for all segments/exercises aside from things held for SSI segment and an Industrial License is currently given without experiencing the phase of LOI. The accompanying businesses require necessary permit:- Heavy drinkers drinks Cigarettes and tobacco items Electronic, aviation and protection hardware Explosives Perilous synthetic compounds, for example, hydrocyanic corrosive, phosgene, isocynates and di-isocynates of hydro carbon and subsidiaries, and so forth. Non-little scope mechanical units or units in which outside value is over 24% expect permit to produce things held from little scope segment. Every single other industry are absolved from authorizing and no modern endorsement is required. Business people are just required to record an Industrial Entrepreneurs Memorandum (IEM) with the Secretariat for Industrial Assistance (SIA), giving data on new undertakings and considerable extensions. There are be that as it may, certain locational limitations in metropolitan regions. No mechanical endorsement is required from the Government for areas outside 25 kms of the outskirts of urban areas having a populace of more than one million with the exception of those businesses where modern permitting is mandatory. Non-contaminating enterprises, for example, gadgets, PC programming and printing can be situated inside 25 kms of the fringe of urban communities with more than one million populace. Authorization to different businesses is conceded in such areas just on the off chance that they are situated in a mechanical territory so assigned preceding 1991. Zoning and Land Use Regulations just as Environmental Legislations must be followed. Suitable motivating forces and interests in empowering framework are given to advance dispersal of industry especially to the rustic and in reverse territories and to lessen blockage in urban areas. As of late, the Government endorsed a bundle of monetary motivating forces and different concessions for the North East Region specifically the North East Industrial and Investment Promotion Policy (NEIIPP), 2007, powerful from 1.4.2007. Likewise, under the expansive structure of the national mechanical strategy, diverse Indian States report their particular Industrial Policies occasionally, which feature the territories wherein the State would concentrate on and give motivators to draw in venture, the different segment area explicit plans offered to private financial specialists, the designs for advancement of empowering foundation, open doors for open private-organization, and so on. 3.2.2 Policies for Privatization The post 1991 progression process carried with it deregulation of exchange and industry, destroying of bureaucratic controls, innovative turn of events and monetary segment changes. Privatizing a portion of the exercises which up until now were the select space of open segment additionally turned out to be a piece of this activity to boos

Roles and Responsibilities of a Tutor Free Essays

The jobs, duties and limits of a coach inside the FE/grown-up training division are regularly advancing characteristics which are reflected after utilizing the educating cycle. This cycle can be utilized by both mentor and student as talked about in ‘Prepare to educate in the long lasting learning sector’ †Ann Gravells third Edition. Jobs 1. We will compose a custom exposition test on Jobs and Responsibilities of a Tutor or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now 0 The job of a guide is to make a protected and solid learning condition, where students can work at their individual level. This is sponsored up by the utilization of introductory evaluation upon acceptance to the course. This will permit the mentor to pinpoint who may eed extra help through balanced help and additional instructional exercises. I, as the mentor will train the subject viably following the plan of work, guaranteeing the points and targets are met. Consistent appraisal all through the course will help student movement and furthermore permit students to reconsider their own turn of events. Additionally by utilizing learning style polls like ‘Fleming 1987’ the mentor can encourage utilizing different learning styles, for example, visual, sound-related and kinaesthetic. This permits comprehensive educating and will create students and spread the entirety of their particular needs. The utor can adjust the exercise intend to fuse all understudies allowing them to get included. Arranging and readiness are key issues ‘By Failing To Prepare, You Are Preparing To Fail’ as cited by Benjamin Franklin. You should choose what you need to accomplish, design and convey you exercise appropriately. Targets should be set, SMART targets ought to be utilized explicit, quantifiable, reachable, sensible and time related. These objectives will improve learning and can be utilized by both student and coach. Toward the finish of the meeting it is fundamental to assess the exercise with the students, by re-topping the plans to check whether they were completely chieved. When this has been completed it might mean a change to the next weeks meeting. My job is additionally an assessor, so I have to plan students for functional appraisals and give intensive direction on the set models. Students are urged to self survey allowing them the chance to assess their own movement. Criticism is given on a balanced, the student is given acclaim notwithstanding whether the outcome is a pass or come up short. This is to guarantee students are supported and never feel dejected, this thus will help moral and spur the students to succeed further. Obligations 2. My obligations are significant, I have an obligation of care to give a protected situation and direct hazard appraisals on students and line them up with an activity plan. During functional meeting authorizing the right utilization of individual defensive gear. I should guarantee I stay up with the latest register each meeting, this is basic to check student participation, accomplishment and furthermore screen movement. The granting and subsidizing bodies additionally need a record for their own proof. Shielding students, we complete audits like clockwork and this includes covering Every Child Matters. Urging the students to state how they remain sheltered, solid and how they appreciate and accomplish. The defending arrangement we have set up covers our students as well as spreads coaches. Showing all students with equivalent regard paying little heed to their sex, race, religion or capacity and elevate uniformity and decent variety to all students inside their exercises. This likewise permits the coach to join separation inside the meeting. Arranging, guaranteeing that I am following the plan of work and the course content is clear yet in addition addresses the issues of the individual student. This additionally implies turning up efore the students do and ensuring all assets are readied and you have considered any materials being utilized are reasonable for all learning styles. Information insurance is a basic piece of my obligation as students upon acceptance give data about themselves and this is to stay classified consistently. Data about other staff individuals must not be given to students as a component of the information security act. Normalizing practice with different partners through going to normalization gatherings are fundamental to guarantee rehearses are met and that all work is being set apart to the right norm. Schoolwork submitted, is stamped and returned inside a sensible time and any input and recognition is productive. Over all poise is critical, be set up for encounter and antagonism however to reply or handle the issues tranquilly. Acting, dressing and talking in a suitable way consistently as students look to you as a good example to follow. Limits 3. 0 As tutors,we have proficient limits which we should work inside and it is significant not to over advance those limits. You should have the option to recognize where the job of a guide stops and stay there. As a mentor I should keep to guidelines and work inside egulations set by the granting body. Contact with students ought to be kept to an expert level consistently, this implies while reaching students for evaluations or to give data to them it ought to be finished utilizing organization mobiles or messages. Shielding yourself while utilizing long range informal communication destinations having no students on your profile, this ensures both you as a mentor and the student. Privacy of students ought to be treated with deference, yet the student should be educated that despite the fact that they have revealed to you this data, you may need to allude it to an expert. End 4. 0 This is a short portrayal of my jobs, duties and limits as a mentor inside the FE/grown-up training segment. These are the most significant issues to have the option to complete the job effectively and help students progress. By utilizing an abilities review for my own work I am ready to recognize that I can exhibit my aptitudes adequately and should utilize the review to reflect, in spite of the fact that I know by and by that inside the zones of numeracy and proficiency aptitudes my most vulnerable expertise is numeracy. I have been utilizing BBC Skills Wise site to assist me with building up my abilities and give me the certainty to manage students through their own issues with numeracy. Step by step instructions to refer to Roles and Responsibilities of a Tutor, Essay models Jobs and Responsibilities of a mentor Free Essays This task examines the capacities and obligations of a mentor in the belly to-tomb procurement part. It features the central measures required to be a decent mentor inside the guidance condition and the limitations for this capacity. The task will give clear situations on the classs and measures in which coachs need to show capacities these include: Information and comprehension Arranging, learning and classification course Observing and examination Record keeping up Information and anxiety: Coachs must be positive about the point comprehension they are making a trip to learn. We will compose a custom paper test on Jobs and Responsibilities of a coach or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now This must be the particular theme you are qualified in. Arranging, learning and class heading: Planing and planing of an exercise is a significant and the? learning musicality develop request to be followed. These are: the reasons A ; rule, program exercise A ; anticipated outcome, bringing of exercise, evaluate larning against results, input A ; rating. Zaf †you should be cautious with how you express your thoughts. Other than †in spite of the fact that you have now referenced the Aims and Rationale †it is still non genuinely clear why these are so of import corresponding to every researcher gathering. The points of the exercise and its outcome must be imagined before the theme is instructed, and it must be fitting for the gathering. Student ‘s requests are non to be disregarded, and a Tutor must focus on the issues of balance and assorted variety in the schoolroom, and each child issues ( ECM ) . I In the conveying of the exercise, a mentor needs to take into history the various foundations, larning requests, and disablements of the researchers, additional stuff ought to be made accessible to all people when required.i The introduction and executing of the exercise plays a cardinal capacity in researcher ‘s securing, as every individual have various methods of larning. iThe assets utilized in the exercise, for representation, PowerPoint, Flip Chart, and Wipe Board ought to be to the full used. Visual, sound-related and functional procurement habits ensure the researcher to hold equivalent possibilities in larning. Instructional exercises and tests get the understudy intrigued and their joining in? in the exercise accordingly ought to be bit of the exercises. Changing kinds of exercise projects can deliver contribution for the researchers ; and make an opportunity to gauge the researchers misgiving of the point. Examinations of the exercise during the undermentioned hebdomad will empower the mentor to obtain a feeling of what understudies have realized and if techniques are useful. I Observing and Appraisal The underlying meeting and evaluation is the beginning of Learner/mentor relationship. The Tutor will get down to larn what persuades the researchers to be a segment of this particular class. I The class and degree requests to be coordinated with the understudies ‘ capacities and the pervious achievement and discernment of the subject. The researcher ‘s capacity ought to be evaluated, in education, phonetic correspondence and numeracy achievements that might be relevant. This will help place the qualities and coming up short of the researcher. I The Initial examination is other than used to educate the improvement regarding larning programs. iThe input from the assignments will other than help measure the achievement of the exercises. It is extremely of import to do sure that the researchers writing for classs to the full comprehend what is required from them. iIt is a two way framework where the

Salut!

Salut! QinQin Yu Freshmen MIT-France Program Internship:Institut Nel at CNRS Salut! Im spending my summer in Grenoble, France, at the Institut Nel, a world-famous magnetism research center situated in the heart of the Alps. Our lab works with extremely low temperatures, so I get to work with liquid helium every day! Its very cool (see what I did there? The French dont quite understand my puns, so you lucky folks get to hear them instead!). We get samples from chemists in all parts of the world and help them determine their magnetic properties. Sometimes we measure samples that can potentially be used for quantum computers; other times, we measure samples that are just plain interesting. Living in the laid-back southern France culture means that on the weekends, I get to explore the city with friends, go to the farmers market, hike in the Alps, and take advantage of the July sales that happen all across France! There are always music festivals and open-air films happening in the parks during the summer time, so after work, we grab a picnic blanket and head right over. Thankfully, Grenoble is not at all a tourist town, but Ive had plenty of chances to explore places like Lyon, Annecy, and Brugge (an idyllic town in northwestern Belgium). I spent last weekend in Paris with some other MISTI France and Spain students. It was Bastille Day, Frances national holiday, and Paris definitely did the holiday justice. From the firemens ball to the spectacular fireworks by the Eiffel tower to almost seeing Francois Holland (its not every day that you get to be less than 100 meters away from Frances newly elected president!), it was without doubt one of the best weekends Ive had so far. This place is beautiful, the people are incredible, and Ive come to call it my home away from home, MIT!

The Story Behind the SAT Changes

The Story Behind the SAT Changes March 8 The New York Times has a great piece on the story behind the changes to the SAT. The New York Times has a fantastic, in-depth piece on the story behind the SAT changes. Entitled The Story Behind the SAT Overhaul, the piece  by Todd Balf particularly paints an illuminating portrait of David Coleman, the president of the College Board. Coleman is portrayed as a refreshing leader who upon being named president of the organization brought in one of the College Boards most outspoken opponents, an MIT director of writing named Les Perelman. Perelman had previously shown through case examples how students who peppered in SAT words like plethora on their writing sample could excel on this component of the exam, even if their facts were incorrect (i.e., stating that the War of 1812 began in the twentieth century). Perelman also pointed out to Coleman that at what other time in your life are you asked to write about a subject that you have previously never even considered? Never. Not in college. Not at work. Not in life. So why test this, right? This particular depiction of Coleman by Balf was an amusing one to us: When I met with Coleman in his office last month to talk about the remaking of the SAT, he periodically leapt from his chair when he became excited about an idea. At one point he jumped up and drew a dividing line down the middle of his whiteboard (he’s a very enthusiastic user of the whiteboard), then scrawled, Evidence-based reading and writing on one side and Math on the other. He was unveiling, at least in broad strokes, the results of those many months of rethinking and testing. David Coleman, a Yale graduate, seems very much to be a change agent. He seems to have been an excellent choice to lead the College Board and to change the SAT. Make no mistake, changing the SAT was also a strategic business decision as more students have been taking the ACT of late as compared to the SAT. But David Coleman, who brought in a man who didnt agree with the College Board to understand where he was coming from and what ideas he had, seems to have been just the man to enact this change. Good for David Coleman and the College Board. Rare praise from Ivy Coach to the College Board, we know.

Scrooge and Ghosts in A Christmas Carol - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 484 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: A Christmas Carol Essay Did you like this example? Character Scrooge Scrooges Nephew said Merry Christmas and Scrooge said bah hum bug! Scrooge lock up his office for the night. He walked to the exchange. Where he made a deal about buying corn. Then he walked home. Then all of a sudden someone said Scrooge over and over again in ghostly voice. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Scrooge and Ghosts in A Christmas Carol" essay for you Create order After hearing the ghostly voice and seeing a face on the door knocker, he quickly went into his home. He didnt hear any other voices until he was locked up in his bedroom. He then went to fireplace to get some food and saw the face again on the back wall of the fire place. He heard the ghostly voice saying Scrooge over and over again. All of a sudden he hears chains raddling coming up the stairs. Then he see his door start to unlock from the inside. And Marley the ghost walks in. Then Scrooge asked, who are you? The ghost said, my name is Marley. In another life, I was your partner. Marley said you will be hunted by 3 ghost. You will be hunted by ghost of Christmas past, Christmas present and Christmas future. The first ghost will come at 1:00. The seconded ghost will come at 2:00. The third ghost will come in time. Ghost 1 past. Scrooge went to bed and then he heard his name again he sat up and saw the ghost of Christmas past. Are you the ghost of Christmas past? Yes I am said the ghost. What is that asked scrooge? This is the bell that will show you your past. Then less get on with it. I know this place this is the boarding school that I went to said scrooge. Who is that on the bench asked scrooge? That is you scrooge. I was never allowed to come home when I was younger so I jest stay at the school for the hall days said scrooge. Then the ghost said less fast foreword 15 years. Then scrooge ask is that me 15 teen years later? Yes said the ghost. Open the door scrooge so scrooge opened the door and the scrooges sister ran in sister ask why are you here. I am here because of our father has changed he wants to see you scrooge and his sister left the school. Dad you wanted to see me you can come for 4 days. So they a geared Ghost 2 present scrooge saw a light coming from the other room so scrooge went in to the room. The ghost ask have you seen any thing like me be for ask the ghost. No I have not said scrooge. Less get on with what you are going to show me. Ok said the ghost. Put your hand on my sleeve said the ghost. The ghost and scrooge took a walk throw town. Ghost 3 future The next day Scrooge said good after noon to his nephew at his Nephews house.

Preventing Teen Substance Abuse Within Rural Areas

Preventing Teen Substance Abuse in Rural Areas Teenagers living in rural communities are more susceptible to drug and alcohol abuse than their urban counterparts. Although it may seem that living in a less populated area would present teens with less opportunity for trouble, the lack of stimulation creates an atmosphere conducive to substance abuse. PsychologyToday.com has listed boredom among the top reasons that teens get themselves into trouble (Lohmann, 2010). Public programs and activities provide a healthy outlet for these potentially troubled teens and are a necessary facet of any environment. There is a direct correlation between lack of community supported recreation and teen drug abuse; by developing an array of activities and support systems in rural areas it is possible to decrease the likelihood that adolescents will use substances, unfortunately introducing programs into rural areas comes with many challenges. Rural American towns often times have an older demographic, because of this the few businesses and recreational activities in those areas tend to cater to older clientele, leaving youth to fend for their own entertainment. When driving through small towns, one is much more likely to encounter things such as a bingo hall than a skate park. Only supply and demand services, such as grocery stores, hardware services, nursing homes and hospitals are truly staples of small town life, there is just not enough of a market demanding the kinds of activities thatShow MoreRelatedHeroin Drugs And Its Effects On The Lives Of Young White Males1703 Words   |  7 Pagesprevalent in certain areas. The heroin epidemic is sweeping across the Midwest, and claiming the lives of young white males. It is very different from the 1960’s use of heroin, and is now typically used because of its low cost and previous opioid addictions to other prescription drugs. 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Yet, not many take the time to notice the injustices encountered habitually in a nation that is renowned for libertyRead MoreThe Social Impact of Drug Abuse24406 Words   |  98 PagesNum ber 2 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF DRUG ABUSE This study was originally prepared by UNDCP as a position paper for the World Summit for Social Development (Copenhagen, 6-12 March 1995) Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter Part one: background I. The drug problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A. B. C. D. E. TheRead MoreComprehensive Gang And Delinquency Prevention Programs2329 Words   |  10 Pagesnot to expect to not panic when something doesn’t go right. IAP is based on data from research that shows a highly structured and enhanced transition from confinement to the community which would benefit parolees in areas such as family, peer relations, education, jobs, substance abuse, mental health, and recidivism without negatively affecting the community. Florida environmental institute, The model of the FEI program seeks to reduce recidivism by focusing on educational and vocational skills. StructurallyRead MoreMental Health Of Public Schools3689 Words   |  15 Pagespublic health problem affecting adolescents. This proposal aims to suggest prevention initiatives for middle and high schools in Virginia to address suicide and self-harm among adolescents. The state of Virginia is home to a diverse urban and rural population consisting of over 2,000 public schools. According to the State’s Public School curriculum, health and physical education classes are required to touch on mental health in 3 different grades and suicide prevention is only indicated for gradeRead MorePsy Evaluation Essay11057 Words   |  45 Pagesused instead of addiction B. Abuse and dependence are now to be dichotomized C. Specific criteria for diagnosis will no longer be provided D. The term dependence will now be used only for physiological dependence ANS:D PG3 3. According to the DSM-5 what term or terms replace(s) the word dependence? A. a personal choice B.. a bad habit C. a brain disease D. addiction. ANS:D PG4 4. Which of the following are NOT typical symptoms defined by the DSM-5 to diagnose substance use disorder: A. toleranceRead MoreEssay A Review of Qualitative Research on Teenage Smoking Habits6156 Words   |  25 PagesDetermines Teenagers Smoking Behaviour?: A Qualitative Study† will be attached for review. Summary The articles purpose was to study smoking behavior among Malaysian teens. The specific areas of interest included: smoking initiation, cigarette consumption, intention to stop smoking, and attempts to stop smoking. The first stage of teen smoking behavior begins with casual experimentation and is followed by the maintenance phase when everyday ritual smoking is present. The future dependence on smokingRead MoreEssay on Needs of Diverse Learners Final4267 Words   |  18 Pagesand extends all of the following EXCEPT Racism 19. Socially transmitted ways of thinking, believing, feeling, and acting within a group is Culture 20. Assimilation of groups to the point that they share primary relationships, intermarry, and have equality with the dominant group is Structural assimilation Chapter 2 21. Legal restrictions preventing persons of color from sharing public accommodations with whites are Jim Crow laws 22. Curriculum in most schools in the United

Impooving Employee Performance - 72019 Words

IMPROVING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE THROUGH APPRAISAL AND COACHING Second Edition IMPROVING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE THROUGH APPRAISAL AND COACHING Second Edition Donald L. Kirkpatrick Foreword by Dick Grote American Management Association New York †¢ Atlanta †¢ Brussels †¢ Chicago †¢ Mexico City †¢ San Francisco Shanghai †¢ Tokyo †¢ Toronto †¢ Washington, D.C. Special discounts on bulk quantities of AMACOM books are available to corporations, professional associations, and other organizations. For details, contact Special Sales Department, AMACOM, a division of American Management Association, 1601 Broadway, New York, NY 10019. Tel.: 212-903-8316. Fax: 212-903-8083. Web site: www.amacombooks.org This†¦show more content†¦Today, nothing’s changed. Don Kirkpatrick remains one of the most inï ¬â€šuential and thought-provoking thinkers and writers in the ï ¬ eld of performance management and the development of human talent in organizations. Most human resource management professionals are familiar with Don’s contribution to the ï ¬ eld of training and development through his development of what now is commonly referred to as ‘‘Kirkpatrick’s Four Levels of Evaluation.’’ Don observed that the evaluation of a training program’s effectiveness begins with Level One—Reaction . How well did the participants like the program? But too many evaluation efforts don’t go any further than a smile sheet. More important than how people felt about the program, Don told us, was Level Two—Learning. Did the participants learn the skills the program was designed to teach? Did they do better on the posttest than they did on the pretest? Regardvii viii F OR EW OR D less of how much they liked the program, did they actually acquire the skills the program intended to teach them? But that’s still not enough. While users may have liked the program and scored high on the ï ¬ nal exam, the next level—Behavior—is much more important. Are the participants using what they learned back on the job? Have the trainees transferred their new skills and learnings to their everyday environment? Finally—and here comes the bottom-line question—has all this effort made any difference? Yes,

Nike Research Paper - 1947 Words

Nike Research Paper By, Mykle Rud The story of Nike and how it came about is remarkable in the sense of it was just a random idea that Phil Knight (now the CEO of Nike) was forced to come up with because of a business class Phil took at Stanford Graduate College. Now that is just a glimpse of the start of the company that would soon become the top sports apparel and sneaker producer for both male and female genders. I hope by the time this research paper is over you have an appreciation for what Phil Knight created and continues to make better day by day, month by month, and year by year. Before we get into the company aspect of this paper, we must first know about the back ground of Phillip Knight. In 1938, Phillip Knight was born†¦show more content†¦The swoosh was born because one of the members had a dream that he saw an angel, and the wings reminded him of upside down commas and thus the Nike Swoosh was created. That same day the legendary slogan that started the monstrous campaign was created. The goal of Nike was â€Å"To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world.† Now, the Japanese company was not too happy with the events that were going on in the United States, and sued Blue Ribbon Sports for not informing them on business decisions within the company. The Japanese company ended up winning but was bought out by Phil and the rest of Nike, and thus the revolutionary company was created, the only thing left to do was become the best and stay there, and Phil and Bill had the right ideas to do just that. Nike had a revolutionary idea they came up with in the mid 80’s. They decided instead of endorsing a bunch of athletes, they would only endorse the most elite athletes in their sport with huge contracts. The first athlete to receive a multi-million dollar endorsement in any sport was the young upstart from North Carolina, Michael Jordan. Now Michael wanted to wear Adidas when he came out of college, but his agent insisted he talk to Phil and Bill and Nike and have an open mind about signing on there. It proved to be the signing that took Nike to the top of the basketball world, and Michael Jordan was given a 3 year 3 million dollar contract to endorseShow MoreRelatedNike Research Paper1194 Words   |  5 PagesN A Report on the Product/Services/Promotional Strategies Offered by Nike Nike is a worldwide manufacturer of apparel and accessories that is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol, NKE. Founded in 1964 by Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman as Blue Ribbon Sports only to later become Nike in 1978, Nike is currently headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon. With total revenues exceeding $19Bn, Nike is currently the world leader in sports apparel and accessories and has a strong presence inRead MoreNike Tournament Of Champions Research Paper773 Words   |  4 PagesNike Tournament of Champions Seven hundred and fifty-two teams. Over eight hundred college coaches. Seventy-six basketball courts with one hundred and fifty-two teams competing simultaneously at any given time. More than ten thousand athletes and coaches from every state and Canadian province. This is the largest single venue basketball event in the world, and the largest in the history of men’s or women’s basketball. McCormick Place, the site of the tournament, is the largest convention centerRead MoreHow Mobile Application Service Quality Affected Customer Relationship Management1586 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 6. Conclusion, Limitations, and Future Research 6.1 Conclusion This research investigated how mobile application service quality affected customer relationship management, pitching to Nike+ application in Taiwan as the research target. The background indicates that nowadays, online service plays one of the key roles of customer relationship management. With the implement of mobile device, organizations are more able to develop intimate relationship with their customers in order to enhanceRead MoreNike Marketing Plan Essay1675 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT This paper endeavors to recommend a viable marketing plan for the footwear giant, Nike. The plan has been adequately substantiated with thorough research on different factors affecting the firm along with various ways of addressing future challenges. This research paper highlights that Nike is confronted with multifarious issues which need to be negotiated amicably. Result of the study concludes that there is still a world waiting for the Nike to be exploited, outsmarting its competitorsRead MoreMarketing Plan, Phase Ii1226 Words   |  5 Pagesbehavior of people around the world. Understanding and meeting the needs of the customer better than the competition is the most important aspect of marketing. For a company like Nike to achieve this goal, it must first identify its target market. The best way to define the target market is through segmentation. In this paper Team A will identify the segmentation criteria that will affect the market selection for the Stress Force and identify the Stress Force target market. Describe the organizationalRead MoreNike Corporation Essay732 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Identify a global organization with a multinational presence. Identify and research a cultural issue that affects this organizations interactions outside the United States. 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This tool helps companies scan, monitor, evaluate, and forecast the internal and external parts of the company. In order to obtain an accurate assessment of the internal and external variables of a company, the business managers would have to use a SWOT analysis to developRead MoreThe Contemporary Challenges Of Outsourcing1244 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve has been impacted by this contemporary challenge. Write a minimum four-page paper, with a cover page, and works cited page (in addition to the four-page minimum). The paper should address (1) the challenge faced by that company or organization, (2) how management is responding to that challenge, (3) a critical analysis of the management response, and (4) how you would have responded to that challenge. This paper should be written in MLA format. Include at least five outside sources, three of

How enduring were the changes created by the 1848 revolutions Free Essays

In 1848 Europe lived a time of uneasiness. Many revolts took place all over the continent, when the middle and working class istood upi. The only ones lucky enough to escape from revolution were England and Russia. We will write a custom essay sample on How enduring were the changes created by the 1848 revolutions? or any similar topic only for you Order Now France was under the power of Louis Philippe, a reactionary monarch who was against change. The Austrian Empire ruled by Metternich even though Ferdinand was the actual king. A lack of political change and social reforms bothered the people as the population increased. Education was available for more people but the economic system started to fail. revolutions took place in 1848 in Austria-Hungary, France and Germany. As a result the 1848 revolutions only left temporal alternations to the traditional system and ended up being a transfer of power. France as the most influential nation of all European nations had a strong liberal force, which opposed to the fact of being ruled by Louis Philippe. The French middle-class complained for the permanent rejection, and discrimination from the government, as they had no representation at all. After the army had killed 40 protestors, a crowd of discontent middle and working class was already on their way to the city, hours later broke Paris into open revolt. Noticing that it was already too late, Louis Philippe abdicated forcing the Parisians to create a provisional government. This short-term solution became an alliance between the middle class liberals, and the radical working classes. This coalition turned into a clear victory over the Monarchs, which wouldn’t last long, before several problems aroused due to different interests and ideas each group held. What occurred was that the middle class, principally conformed by intellectuals, doctors, minor employers, etc, wanted several changes that were mainly based on their social interests, (e. g. the voting system, and the freedom of speech) above anything else. The working classes not only had the same interests, but also had others that extended to the economic side, which for the middle class wasn’t as important. When the social interests from the middle class were partially reformed they didn’t have much more to protests about, so they instead retired. This caused a huge discontent within the working classes that still expected other changes and weren’t being supported by the middles class that had already achieved most of their purposes. Many changes took place in those first months the most important one was the instauration of the universal male suffrage that allowed men over 21 to vote. This increased the number of voters from 240,000 to almost 9 million. Other changes like the reduction of the working hours to 11 hours, and the opening of workhouses were made to help the unemployed. Thanks to these changes people from the provinces could get involved with what had being going around in Paris. The majority of the voters were people from the rural areas, and as a result the lections for the constituent assembly were in favor of moderate republicans or the conservative monarchs. The revolutionaries had won, in November 1849 during the second republic Louis Napoleon became president by popular election. Two months before the elections the 12 hour working day had been re-established, however the universal male suffrage still remained. In 1848 the Austrians heard form the revolutions in France and how successful they had been. Encouraged by this racial and social tensions as well as imperial repression of rights would influence revolts in the Habsburg Empire. Very similar to what happened in France forced by Ferdinand, Metternich who was in charge had to leave. Revolutionaries won but they had many disagreements between each other. What happened was that at the beginning both the middle class and the working class needed reforms. When these had been made middle class were satisfied but the working class felt that the Empire was still in debt with them. For this reason the unity came to an end. For the middle class the fact of having freedom of press, tax reforms, and an increase in freedom of religion was enough. The people still demanded to exclude non-Hungarian soldiers from the Hungarian army. This became possible once Ferdinand decided that Hungary should be an independent country. In Austria finally one of the constitutional changes established (the March laws) were approved, the nobility would loose their tax exemptions and the feudal system was abolished from the Empire. Due to the fact that the radicals and the liberals had very different interests there was also a nationalist conflict between certain groups amongst the empire. However the change that would endure the most after the civil revolt was the one that would eventually harm the revolution. This change had been dictated by the constituent assembly, and it was the abolition of serfdom (a member of the lowest feudal class bound to the land and owned by a lord). As a result the revolutionaries would be left without any real support from the peasantry, as they would have no cause to complain. Like the Habsburg Empire, Germany was also lead by the incidents that took place in France. In this case German States fell into a greater economic crisis than France. It seemed to be that reforms were simply one of the elements that the insurgents required and beside it came the acceptance of a concession which Prussia, Bavaria, Baden, and Wurttemberg agreed to. A meeting in Heidelberg (Vorparlament) was called to supervise the election to the German Representative Assembly. This assembly was formed not to impose their power, but to act upon the lack of it, a characteristic of March 1848. The assembly was mainly elected by the middle class, and one of the first measures that it took into consideration was the Universal Male Suffrage, with the support of one delegate for every 50,000 Germans. Germany had the urgency of finding someone appropriate to take control over all the state, and thought that the Habsburgs, a very important and well-known German family, lead by the Archduke John could be a good choice. In June the Habsburgs took control over Germany. For many working class Germans the poor less job that the Frankfurt Parliament had done to solve their problems didn’t satisfy them. They thought that within meetings they could discuss many economic problems and find the appropriate solution to each one of them. Their requests were then brought up and demanded changes like: the limitation of the factory production, restrictions upon free economic and industrial growth, and the protection of the privileges for the old artisan guilds. The protests that took place afterwards were very big and in some cases the Parliament had to recruit Prussian and Austrian troops. Eventually the emergence of the of the national issue and the fear of working class violence, created the route to the re-establishment of the German Government, including the return of Friederich Wilhelm. The German troops helped by the Prussians and the Austrians were sent into Berlin. Once again Friederich Wilhelm was offered to wear the German Crown and he refused. Not accepting the German crown was enough to end with Frankfurt Parliaments big failure. Once the Austrian and Prussian delegates had left the Parliament it was dismissed by Prussian troops. At the end of the revolution some agrarian reforms still remained but in remark the liberal, constitutional revolution failed to succeed. We may clearly rely on A. J. P. Taylor who says: â€Å"There was merely a vacuum in which the liberals postured until the vacuum was pilled† Big revolutions took place in France, Austria-Hungary, and Germany in 1848. The government systems had been there for a very long time, each nation and the people wanted several reforms on those systems were becoming a huge pain. In France everything seemed to work fine, until Louis Napoleon declared himself Emperor. Terminating with the Universal Male Suffrage, which as other changes was thought to be enduring, but at the end it didn’t result as expected. In Austria-Hungary even though problems weren’t that bad, the fact that the results of the revolution in France had been successful, was enough for them to demand changes. The changes that took place were thanks to Lajos Kossuth and the â€Å"March Laws†. In Germany as discussed before, some say that the German disturbances cant even be considered as a revolution. At the end only Agrarian reforms survived out of the many changes expected. Many protestors didn’t receive anything from the revolution that took me to the conclusion that it wasn’t successful at all. Finally we can see how the 1848 revolutions failed, and how changes and reforms were not enduring at all. As Trevely says: â€Å"1848 was the turning point at which modern history failed to turn†. However France was in a much better situation than all the other countries, and like in 1918 at the end of the WW1 they were capable of surviving ahead from the others. How to cite How enduring were the changes created by the 1848 revolutions?, Papers

Decision Making Skills

Question: You are required to Choose a Scenario and Discuss the Group Decision Making Style for the Choosen Scenario with example. Answer: Introduction In order to select the appropriate option among several alternatives, the group decision making strategy is considered. The group decisions seem to be more effective than the decisions, made by individuals. The decision, made by a group needs to acquire affirmation from all the members of a team. Often decided by voting system, the group decision making process is regarded as the most appropriate way to determine any aspect of an organization because in this way, all aspects of this topic can be explored by each member of the group. In this essay, a scenario at Marcus Advertisement Agency, UK has been described where appropriate group decision making procedure has been adapted in order to avoid the adverse organizational situation. Discussion Marcus Advertisement Agency seems to be a prominent organization of Scotland which is supposed to make effective visual advertisements for different product manufacturing organizations. In April, 2016, the creative manager, Thomas Wilson faces obstacle in making an influential advertisement for a chocolate organization. The organization wants a tempting advertisement for their product which can approach to consumers of all age group. The appropriate perspective of this advertisement cannot be decided by Wilson for which he decides to call for a group discussion urgently as the he is left with a short deadline. With the help of group decision making method, Wilson can successfully increase the number of alternatives by including the unique creative views of each group member[1]. It can also help them to improve the team working skill along with effective implementation of any desired action. Thomas Wilson chooses to adapt the brainstorming process with which he can be able to involve the participation of each group member. This process allows to include a number of variety opinion in the decision making process in an unstructured verbal way[2]. Wilson chooses this particular process so that he illustrates the whole scenario to his group members in order to give them a complete understanding about the background. The members of the creative group add several innovative ideas in this group decision making process regarding the advertisement of chocolate. For example, some members opine to present the advertisement in a sensuous way sensuous way so that they can approach the adults directly. On the other hand, some group members propose to present the advertisement by connecting the product with the happiness of life that can be applicable for consumers of all age group. The solicitor seems to be the prime member of this technique because the idea needs to be approved by th e solicitor only[3]. After collecting all the ideas of the group members and recoding them on a clipboard, Wilson aims to evaluate the collected ideas related to the chocolate advertisement. He allows the group members to share their viewpoints on the gathered ideas about the most suitable chocolate advertisement strategy. The sensuous chocolate advertisement idea is rejected by majority of members along with Wilson himself because the children are also one of the target consumers of this chocolate manufacturing organization. Rather, the idea of presenting the product with the pleasure and happiness of life is regarded the most suitable chocolate advertising process after conducting an electronic voting session among the group members as this way can enable the organization to approach a wide range of consumers without differentiating them into groups like adults, adolescents or kids. The group members opine that this advertising process can benefit the organization in long run. However, Wilson also faces several obstacles after the adapting this brainstorming process. The brainstorming process often creates confusion in the decision making process because by widens the scope of suitable alternatives, it includes a number of innovative ideas which seems to create arguments in the discussion process and can also extend the expected time period of decision making[4]. In the case of Marcus Advertisement Agency, Wilson receives ample number of innovative ideas some of which cannot be rejected easily. For example, some member points out to adapt the technique to relate with every day activities with sensuous chocolate bursting method which spread happiness among people of all ages. With the help of this strategy, organizations like Break Tout, Galaxy seems to attract a huge number of consumers towards their products[5]. Some of the members also suggest to employ the idea of taking a short break from the frustrating everyday life in the chocolate advertisement. Fa mous chocolate manufacturing organizations like Kitkat, Munch, Perk seem to be successful to attract the attention of their consumers[6]. On the other hand, some members also hesitate to express their views openly and promptly as they fear to face the judgmental views of other members. However, Wilson employs some innovative ways in the brainstorming group decision making process by utilizing the electronic medium in the voting session. In this process, the group members are instructed to provide their opinion through e-mail. By adapting this strategy, Wilson becomes able to eliminate disputes among group members because this process allows to keep the identity of the opinion providers a secret. Except Wilson, the e-mails sent by the members cannot be accessed by others. With the help of this process, Wilson tries to minimize the number of members who previously become hesitant to express their opinions openly. In this way, Wilson tries to increase the alternate options to welcome more innovative and creative ideas in his group decision making process. Conclusion In this way, the group decision making process has been described with the help of an adverse situation at Marcus Advertisement Agency. The adapted group decision making style is also described with which the organizational decisions can be accurately made. Ample numbers of examples are also given so that the advantages of the adapted group decision making style can be analyzed in the perspective of the considered organization. External factor like the influence of the society and internal factor like the behavioral aspect of the group members seem to leave impact upon the group decision making process. Such aspects are also explored in this essay. References Aruldoss, M., Lakshmi, T.M. and Venkatesan, V.P., 2013. A survey on multi criteria decision making methods and its applications.American Journal of Information Systems,1(1), pp.31-43 Hassan, G., 2013. Groupthink principles and fundamentals in organizations.Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business,5(8), pp.225-240 Marold, J., Lassalle, R., Schbel, M. and Manzey, D., Risk, uncertainty and decision-making. 2(1), p. 201 Merig, J.M. and Gil-Lafuente, A.M., 2012. Decision-making techniques with similarity measures and OWA operators.SORT,36(1), pp.81-102 Negulescu, O., 2014. Using a decision-making process model in strategic management.Review of General Management,17(1), pp.111-123 Marold, J., Lassalle, R., Schbel, M. and Manzey, D., Risk, uncertainty and decision-making. 2(1), p. 201 Hassan, G., 2013. Groupthink principles and fundamentals in organizations.Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business,5(8), pp.225-240 Aruldoss, M., Lakshmi, T.M. and Venkatesan, V.P., 2013. A survey on multi criteria decision making methods and its applications.American Journal of Information Systems,1(1), pp.31-43 Merig, J.M. and Gil-Lafuente, A.M., 2012. Decision-making techniques with similarity measures and OWA operators.SORT,36(1), pp.81-102 Marold, J., Lassalle, R., Schbel, M. and Manzey, D., Risk, uncertainty and decision-making. 2(1), p. 201 Negulescu, O., 2014. Using a decision-making process model in strategic management.Review of General Management,17(1), pp.111-123

The Confederate dead Essay Example For Students

The Confederate dead Essay Through these reflections on the Confederates, persona discovers his own faults as a human being, and although he never comes to a resolution, he leaves the graveyard different as he entered it for he now has a greater understanding of his own ego. Tates beautiful poem is a tribute to the poets ability to probe the human psyche through a generation of young men from the most romantic age in the history of this country. ODE TO THE CONFEDERATE DEAD By Allen Tate (c) 1937 Row after row with strict impunity The headstones yield their names to the element, We will write a custom essay on The Confederate dead specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The wind whirrs without recollection; In the riven troughs the splayed leaves Pile up, of nature the casual sacrament 5 To the seasonal eternity of death; Then driven by the fierce scrutiny Of heaven to their election in the vast breath, They sough the rumour of mortality. Autumn is desolation in the plot 10 Of a thousand acres where these memories grow From the inexhaustible bodies that are not Dead, but feed the grass row after rich row. Think of the autumns that have come and gone! Ambitious November with the humors of the year, 15 With a particular zeal for every slab,Staining the uncomfortable angels that rot On the slabs, a wing chipped here, an arm there: The brute curiosity of an angels stare Turns you, like them, to stone, 20 Transforms the heaving air Till plunged to a heavier world below You shift your sea-space blindly Heaving, turning like the blind crab. Dazed by the wind, only the wind 25 The leaves flying, plunge You know who have waited by the wall The twilight certainty of an animal, Those midnight restitutions of the blood You knowthe immitigable pines, the smoky frieze 30 Of the sky, the sudden call: you know the rage. The cold pool left by the mounting flood, Of muted Zeno and Parmenides. You who have waited for the angry resolution Of those desires that should be yours tomorrow, 35 You know the unimportant shrift of death And praise the vision And praise the arrogant circumstance Of those who fall Rank upon rank, hurried beyond decision 40 Here by the sagging gate, stopped by the wall. Seeing, seeing only the leaves Flying, plunge and expire Turn your eyes to the immoderate past, Turn to the inscrutable infantry rising 45 Demons out of the earth they will not last. Stonewall, Stonewall, and the sunken fields of hemp, Shiloh, Antietam, Malvern Hill, Bull Run. Lost in that orient of the thick and fast You will curse the setting sun. 50 Cursing only the leaves crying Like an old man in a storm You hear the shout, the crazy hemlocks point With troubled fingers to the silence which Smothers you, a mummy, in time. 55 The hound bitch Toothless and dying, in a musty cellar Hears the wind only. Now that the salt of their blood Stiffens the saltier oblivion of the sea, 60 Seals the malignant purity of the flood, What shall we who count our days and bow Our heads with a commemorial woe In the ribboned coats of grim felicity, What shall we say of the bones, unclean, 65 Whose verdurous anonymity will grow? The ragged arms, the ragged heads and eyes Lost in these acres of the insane green? The gray lean spiders come, they come and go; In a tangle of willows without light 70 The singular screech-owls tight Invisible lyric seeds the mind With the furious murmur of their chivalry. We shall say only the leaves Flying, plunge and expire 75 We shall say only the leaves whispering In the improbable mist of nightfall. .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b , .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b .postImageUrl , .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b , .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b:hover , .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b:visited , .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b:active { border:0!important; } .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b:active , .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5dc77de63f9aa7ea154b91b1113c641b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Confucianism, Daoism & Legalism EssayThat flies on multiple wing: Night is the beginning and the end And in between the ends of distraction 80 Waits mute speculation, the patient curse That stones the eyes, or like the jaguar leaps For his own image in a jungle pool, his victim. What shall we say who have knowledge Carried to the heart? Shall we take the act 85 To the grave? Shall we, more hopeful, set up the grave In the house? The ravenous grave? Leave now The shut gate and the decomposing wall: The gentle serpent, green in the mulberry bush, 90 Riots with his tongue through the hush. Sentinel of the grave who counts us all! 1 Allen Tate The Academy of American Poets http://www. poets. org/poems/Poemprnt. cfm 2 Ode to the Confederate Dead. Tate, Allen. From Allen Tate The Academy of American Poets http://www. poets. org/poems/Poemprnt. cfm 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid. 8 Ibid. 9 Ibid. 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid. 12 Ode to the Confederate Dead. Tate, Allen. From Allen Tate The Academy of American Poets http://www. poets. org/poems/Poemprnt. cfm 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid. 15 Solipsism: The Burning Questions Jurish, Bryan R.(c) 1995. http://www. ling. uni-potsdam. de/~moocow/old/solpsm. html 16 Ode to the Confederate Dead. Tate, Allen. From Allen Tate The Academy of American Poets http://www. poets. org/poems/Poemprnt. cfm 17 Ibid. 18 Ibid. 19 Solipsism: The Burning Questions Jurish, Bryan R. (c) 1995. http://www. ling. uni-potsdam. de/~moocow/old/solpsm. html 20 Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. (c)1989. 21 Solipsism: The Burning Questions Jurish, Bryan R. (c) 1995. http://www. ling. uni-potsdam. de/~moocow/old/solpsm. html.

Hound of the baskervilles Essay Example

Hound of the baskervilles Essay Example Hound of the baskervilles Paper Hound of the baskervilles Paper Essay Topic: The Hound of the Baskervilles The first description of Baskerville Hall is fury of years of storm; this sets a dark and dismal atmosphere. Storms seem to make everything dark and gloomy and sunlight seems to bring positive emotions. When it states years this shows that Baskerville Hall has not seen sunlight for a while, this suggests that the curse is still alive as Baskerville Hall is a dark, evil place. Long, dark drive, is the first statement when they arrive in Baskerville territory. This can be related to the case, as now the readers see it as long, as it is taking a while to solve, and dark because they are exploring the hound and the deaths. The house glimmered like a ghost, this shows a scary atmosphere, as ghosts are philosophical scary creatures used to express death. When Sir Arthur Conan Doyle states, ghost he may be talking about the hound, as the reader does not know whether the hound is real. It too may be philosophical like the ghost. The atmosphere now is dark and evil as dark and ghost are both representative terms associated with evil. When young Baskerville states, scare any man, it shows how scary the hall is. In the book Sherlock Holmes is seen to be different as he can pick out the smallest crucial bits of detail in seconds, for example when he was looking through the cup at Watson in chapter one. For Baskerville Hall to be deemed to scare any man implies that Holmes himself would be scared. This would make the reader feel exposed to harm as Holmes gives the impression of being fearless. Fading light shows the final comparison, as they started off in the light countryside and now they arrive at Baskerville Hall where the light is disappearing. This shows they are not safe. When they arrive at Baskerville Hall a voice states, Welcome, Sir Henry! this is ironic as Sir Henry does not feel welcome, as Baskerville Hall appears to him as gloomy and uninviting. In chapter six, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses atmosphere to compare the countryside to the moor. Comparing the scenery and the mood, as when travelling it seems to the reader that the closer they get to Baskerville Hall the further they get from safety. Also the closer they get the less peaceful it gets, as the moor is described as noisy and roaring. Also the light seems to disappear and in the countryside there were rays of sun but in the moor it states fading light. These many comparisons show that the passengers would rather be in the countryside. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses anthropomorphism to help the reader understand the emotions of the characters. Fading light represents Sherlock Holmes opinion on the case, as it seems to get more difficult. As the atmosphere gets worse through the chapter it leads the reader to believe that things will only get worse when arriving at Baskerville Hall. As the atmosphere now is dark and gloomy, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses this to make the reader interested and read on. The reader needs to get to a safe place and is encouraged to read on hoping for a return to normality. In conclusion the general feeling toward Baskerville Hall is that it is evil, and this shows that evil deeds will befall the three passengers. As it states difficult and dangerous, this leads us to believe that the curse will take a while to solve. Dangerous shows us that there will be consequences and the evil tone suggests it will involve the hound. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses atmosphere to show true feelings of the area where Sherlock Holmes is situated. In chapter two Mortimer presents Holmes and Watson with a manuscript which the always observant Sherlock Holmes had already noticed and dated as 1730. The document shows the curse of Baskerville Hall, and reveals the terror of Baskerville Hall expressed by the atmosphere in chapter six. At the time of the Great Revolution, Mortimer reads, Hugo Baskerville lorded over the Baskerville mansion in Devonshire. Sex crazed and lecherous, the infamous Hugo became obsessed with a local yeomans daughter, whom he kidnapped one day. Trapped in an upstairs room, hearing the raucous drinking and carousing going on downstairs, the girl escaped with the help of an ivy-covered wall. She fled across the expansive moorlands outside. Enraged at finding that his captive escaped, Hugo made a deal with the devil and released his hounds in pursuit of the young girl. This explains to us why the curse was placed upon the family.

Missing SAT Scores How to Check SAT Scores

Missing SAT Scores How to Check SAT Scores SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips I don’t know what the number one most stressful college application dramais, but a list of the top three has got to include missing SAT scores. You’ve invested time, energy, and maybe even a little of your sanity into reaching your SAT goal, so it’s totally reasonable to be rattled by this kind of curveball. But before you panic, read this article to troubleshoot some of the most common reasons that SAT scores go missing. I will talk about what to do if you yourself can't find your scores, as well aswhat to do if the college you're applying to says your scores are missing. Either way, most likely, you’re looking at a pretty simple problem with a pretty painless solution. How to Check Your SAT Scores Before we get into figuring out what to do about missing SAT scores, let's go over where your scores can be found if everything is going according to plan. Although usuallySATscores are ready 3 weeks after your test date, because of the test update,scores for next fewtest dates will take longer than usual. For example, the March 2016 SAT scores will take about 10 weeks to score, while theMay and June 2016 SAT scores will each take about 6 weeks to score. You can find your scores in theMy Organizer section of the College Board’s SAT website. For a detailed, step-by-step guide to using these online tools to find your score, read our guide to looking up your SAT scores. If you've tried finding your scores this way buthaven't had much luck, let's go through the possible reasons why. Well, of course this blue panda doesn't know. Why did we even ask it? What to Do If You Can't Find Your Scores There are a number of reasons why your scores might not be showing up on the College Board website. Let's investigate together. Are You Looking in the Wrong Place? If you can you see only your most recent SAT score, and are missing scores from earlier test dates, you might be on the wrong section of the SAT site. To see all the SAT tests you’ve taken recently: Go toMy Organizer. Click SAT Scoreson the left side menu. Click Access My Scores in the middle of the screen. Enter your username and password for the security check. Scroll down past the "My Test Registration" box to get to the "My Test Scores" box. Are Your Scores Not Ready Yet? If you are checking less than 3 weeks after your test date, you will most likely not see your score listed because it takes 3 weeks for the College Board to score your SAT. Also remember: if you took the test in March, May, or June 2016, your scores will only be available after 6-10 weeks. If it's been 3 weeks since your test, you didn't take the test in March, May, or June 2016, and you still don't see your scores, your test could have been flagged for more attention.Scores may be released later for all sorts of reasons, usually to do with resolvable answer sheet problems. For instance, your answer sheet could have arrived late to the College Board. Or it could have had either missing information or you could have filled it out slightly differently than your registration. If your test falls into this small group offlagged tests, you will see a message tellingyou to check back later. Just headback to the site on the recommended date- usually about a week later- to check again for your scores and to see your full score report. Wouldn't it be sweet if the SAT website responded to passive-aggressive watch-tapping and eye-rolling? Did Something Unusual Happen at Your Testing Site? Think back to the day of your test: did anything weird occur? Scores can also be delayed if something out of the ordinary happened. For example, if inclement weather closed the test site or if you were sick or need to reschedule your test, your scores will be released after the test day scores. Or maybeyou or someone else reported a complaint about testing conditions or the test center itself. If the College Board got a complaint about something that went wrong on the day you took the test, your scores could be delayed while thecomplaint is investigated. Well, we did have to complain about the noise from that one kid's art-copter... does that count? Are Your Scores From a Long Time Ago? If you're out of high school and your test scores are more than a year old, they won't show up online any more. Instead, you have to request them from the College Board's archives for a fee. You can order scores by mailby sending anArchived Score Report Order FormtoSAT Program, P.O. Box 7503, London, KY 40742-7503. You can also call Customer Service at(866) 756-7346. What to Do If Your College Doesn't Have Your Scores Sometimes it's not you, but your college, that can't find your SAT scores. Soif you've gotten the alarmingletter, email, or phone call telling you that your application isn't complete, let's work through the possibilities. Did You OnlySend in Earlier SAT Scores? If you choose to use the 4 free score reports you get with SAT test registration, you have to re-select the colleges you want the reports sent to each time. Otherwise, they won't get the more recent scores. In other words, if you retake the SAT this fall, the 4colleges you named on last year's registration wouldn't automatically get your new results unless you listed them again. Are Your Scores Missing From Your Application? Imagine the immense amount of paperwork and electronic records that admissions offices deal with during application time. Because of this sort of chaotic atmosphere,colleges may have alreadyreceived your scores but just haven't processed and logged them yet. Filing your scores in with your application can take as long as a week! To see if this is the case, you should feel free tocall the college’s admissions office and calmly and respectfully ask them to double-check whether they've gotten your scores. Just remember that it's best to wait about three weeks after you send your scores before calling. Still, sometimes things doget lost in the mail, misfiled, or electronically derailed. If the admissions office really can't find your SAT score report, don't lose your head. Instead, order a new score report from the College Board website as soon as possible so that you getit in as close to the application deadline as possible. Pro tip: whatever you do, don't simply sendthe collegea copy of your score report. This is not official and will not count as a score submission. Is it weird that this is how I picture admissions offices after application season? Disasters Do Happen, but Don't Panic! Now that we've gone through the most common, most likely, and most solvable scenarios, we can move on to the highly improbable and darn near unbelievable.Sometimes tests go missing because of sheer ludicrousness.But if such a freak incidentdoes occur, a reasonable and equitable solution (sometimes helped along by some press coverage) is sure to follow. For example, your testing site could have simply boxed upyour answer sheets and forgotten about them. This iswhat happened in Loudoun County Schools in Virginia for the test administered May 2nd, 2015. Luckily, the tests were eventually found and the College Board scored them through an expedited process. Or, your test booklet could have had a timing misprint that totally messed up the scoring process. That's whathappened to everyone in the country that took the SAT on June 6th, 2015. The College Board is offering to waive fees on retests for anyone who didn't make it through the incorrectly labeled sections. Just imagine the story you'll get out of it, if this happens to you. You'll be dining out on that nonsense for weeks! What’s Next? Curious whether you should retake the SAT now that you’ve found your missing SAT scores? Learn all about what's a low score, what's a good score, and what's an excellent score. Then, you narrow down what your own target SAT score should be. Want to know how to improve your SAT scores? Check out our guide to boosting your scores on the Critical Reading, Writing, and Math sections. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Evaluate the Future Impact of Media Technologies in Tourism Essay

Evaluate the Future Impact of Media Technologies in Tourism - Essay Example International arrivals rise at a slower rate but in complete terms rose from 394 million in 1988 to 613 million in 1997. Less inclusive figures are obtainable for domestic tourism. In some, such as France, domestic holidays continued to increase; elsewhere (for example, the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia and New Zealand), signs of stagnation or decline were appearing, in part as a consequence of increased outbound tourism. In disparity, domestic tourism was fetching more important in some developing countries as varying values of living destined domestic tour was becoming more reachable to a wider example of society (Chris Cooper, 2001). Countries in Europe and North America are still major sources and others have joined destinations for international tourism but in recent years, especially in Asia and the Pacific. Varying rates of growth have been recorded in these and in other regions of the world, such as Africa and South America. Resorts in some of the latter regions have a relatively long tradition of tourism, such as Bariloche in Argentina. In further places, for instance parts of Africa or a few Pacific islands, tourism is still budding as a figure of expansion. While numbers there may as yet be relatively insignificant on a global scale, they may be of increasing significance locally. As an outcome of these models and procedures, tourism is moreover before now extensively recognized as a key segment of nationwide, regional and local economies in a lot of parts of the world or being aggressively measured or cultivated as an expansion alternative in many others (Jarice Hanson, 1990). The expansion of tourism h as been accompanied by a noteworthy increase in media technology and research activities in this field. Tourism programmes connected to media, centres and subdivisions have developed on sites universal, and tourism conferences have propagated and fresh

Annotated bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Annotated Bibliography Example The current economic climate and fast- paced world of journalism has resulted to a lot of pressure while many of the journalists face trauma incidents. Few graduates are prepared by journalism schools to face trauma instead wait until they learn on their workplace. Lack enough practice results to interpersonal conflicts during war reporting. Therefore, the article encourages training sessions at workplace with support and recognition to improve productivity and resilience and is very relevant to the case study. The researcher’s interests are largely concerned with the role of journalism and its function in a democratic society. The department includes faculty individuals who are professionals in communication studies, media studies English literature and science. The article describes the challenging times faced by journalist as professions changes with time. As the journalist undergoes cataclysmic change, reporting becomes more pressurized due to the widespread of use of mobile devices that converts the newsgathering process to being instantaneous. Journalist along with their editors  considers  new ways of dealing with community trauma. Therefore, the journal provides different tactics to deal with interpersonal conflict in war reporting by having a professional reflective practice to provide space to improve practice serving both profession of journalism and public good. The article will be used in the case study. Cait McMahon is a managing director of Trauma-Australasia and the Dart Centre for journalism in Australia. Cait experience in  the  journalism industry is evident in his well-researched opinion on war reporting. The article highlights psychological duty care and self-care plans for not only war reporters, but all media experts who face any form of work-related trauma subjection. They explain that most reporters are very resilient and

Chinese Managers Leadership Style

Chinese Managers Leadership Style 3.1 Introduction Among various choices of research methodologies, this study draws on a framework within the qualitative research paradigm. The study takes an interpretive approach and adopts a data collection design of participant interviews. The purpose of this section is to introduce the underpinning philosophical arguments regarding methodological consideration and to justify the appropriateness of qualitative design to the context of this study. Supportive theories for this choice as well as the sampling methods, data collection methods, arrangements for interviews and the relevant research considerations will be addressed. In order to link the methodological choices with the study purpose, research questions will also be reiterated. 3.2Research questions The purpose of qualitative research is to describe, explore, and explain phenomena being studied (Marshall and Rossman, 1999). Qualitative research questions, therefore, often take the form of what, how and why, and are more concerned with the process rather than the outcome. As this study is to explore how Chinese culture, specifically Confucius philosophical doctrines have shaped Chinese leadership style, as well as how Western theories have exerted a profound influence on Chinese leadership in modern Chinese society, the research questions of this study go as follows: What are the main characteristics of Chinese managers leadership style in Public Sector in Tianjin? Given the above, to what extent does Chinese culture, particularly Guanxi affect and shape Chinese leadership style? In this day and age, how is leadership in China influenced by Western leadership models? What are the implications that Chinese leadership styles present for the future practice? As a result, the research methodology was selected and employed to explore the development of the topic to answer the above questions. 3.3 Methodological choice 3.3.1 Interpretive research tradition Among the three research traditions, i.e. Positivism and Postpositivism, Interpretive Research, and Critical Postmodernism (Gephart, 2004), Interpretive Research is generally considered the most appealingly applied by a significant number of researchers. This study takes an interpretive approach to understand the Chinese managers leadership style as perceived by their Qualitative research can be either interpretive or positive depending on the philosophical assumptions taken by the researcher. According to Schwandt (2000), qualitative research is a diverse term covering an array of techniques seeking to describe, decode, translate, and somehow come to terms with the meaning, rather than the measurement or frequency of phenomena in the social world. Interpretive research is a more specific term. Interpretive studies assume that people create and associate their own subjective and intersubjective meanings as they interact with the world around them. With regards to the epistemology, interpertivsts recognize that the way they make sense of the world is shaped by their goals, culture and experience (Creswell, 2003; Weber, 2004). Reality is viewed as socially constructed and cannot be objectively determined (Easterby- Smith et al., 1991). The foundation assumption for interpretive research is that knowledge is gained, or at least filtered, through soci al constructions such as language, consciousness, and shared meanings. In addition to the emphasis on the socially constructed nature of reality, interpretive research acknowledges the intimate relationship between the researcher and what is being explored, and the situational constraints shaping this process. Interpretivists believe that the researcher and the researched are interdependent and affect each other in their interactions (Gephart, 2004; Weber, 2004). Walsham (1995) indicates that interpretive research attempts to understand phenomena through the meanings that people assign to them. It does not predefine dependent and independent variables. Nor does it set out to test hypotheses, but rather aims to produce an understanding of the social context of the phenomenon and the process whereby the phenomenon influences and is influenced by the social context. 3.3.2 Qualitative study Within the field of social research there have been opposing views on how the social world can be or should be understood. Traditionally the positivist paradigm has been related to quantitative research techniques, scientific measurement and empirical findings (Silverman, 2000). However, recently research methodology is considered as a continuum between quantitative and qualitative designs with the approach adopted based on an ability to answer or add knowledge to a particular issue (Creswell, 2003; Miller and Brewer, 2003). According to Creswell (1994), a qualitative study is defined as an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem, based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants, and conducted in a natural setting. Although a quantitative research method was useful in studying statistical differences among variables and factors for proofing assumptions, its limitation was the inability to fully reveal the underlying meanings people associated with particular activities or social process (Esterberg, 2002). In favor of this argument, Silverman (1997) further extends that quantitative research may overlook the social and cultural construction of variables as well as the attitudes and meanings behind the variables. Qualitative studies, though perceived to be complex, time-intensive, and sometimes fraught with methodological challenges, can be the richest of studies, often illuminating complex phenomena in radically new ways (Conger, 1998). They are responsible for paradigm shifts, insights into the role of context, and longitudinal perspectives that other methods often fall to capture (Isabella, 1990; Mintzberg, 1973; Roberts and Bradley, 1988). Qualitative research may take on different traditions or assumptions such as phenomenology, hermeneutics and ethnography. However, Mason (1996) indicates that there are three common elements that bind qualitative research strategies together: Qualitative research takes an interpretive position in relation to understanding interactions within a multi-layered social world; Data generation is flexible and sensitive to the social context in which data is produced; Data analysis that use explanation building which involve understanding the relevant complexity, detail and content of the subject matter. (Mason, 1996:4) Such an argument provides a strong theoretical foundation for this study regarding the interaction between managers and their subordinates in Public Sector in China. As a result, having considered these arguments, qualitative methodology would be useful in exploring the meanings and perspectives in this dissertation, because it permits an exploration of participants concepts of Chinese leadership, the interpretation of cultural effects on Chinese leadership style and the complexity of issues that contribute to the subject. 3.3.3 Qualitative leadership studies It has been widely held that qualitative research in the social sciences plays an important part only in the exploratory phases of a research. At this stage, the researcher knows about the subject he/she is to investigate, and his/her hypotheses are purely speculative. Once the researchers understanding gradually becomes well-defined, quantitative analysis can follow to refine and validate the hypotheses generated by the previous qualitative research. However, Conger (1998) challenged this assumption by arguing that in reality, qualitative research must play an important role on matter at what stage in the investigation of leadership topics. The main reason, he points out, is the extreme and enduring complexity of the leadership phenomenon itself. Since leadership involves multiple levels of phenomena, possesses a dynamic character, and has a symbolic component, quantitative methods, which are largely based on surveys in the leadership field, tend to focus on a single level of analysis such as behavioral dimensions (Yukl, 1994), and in turn overlook the organizational and environmental factors (Conger, 1998). Therefore, they are insufficient to investigate thoroughly phenomena as complex as leadership. In addition, other scholars have drawn limitations and narrowness of the investigation frame of quantitative analysis in the leadership study. For example, Phillips (1973) argues that quantitative surveys are usually influenced by social desirability concerns of respondents and only reflects behavior attitudes rather than actual observed behavior. Lantis (1987) also articulates that quantitative analysis is unable to measure interactions, which is a critical element of leadership. Qualitative methods, as proposed by Conger (1998), when properly employed, may render leadership studies distinct advantages over quantitative methods: First, more room to explore leadership in depth (Bryman, 1992); Second, the flexibility to detect unexpected phenomena during the research; Third, more opportunities to sense the contextual factors; Fourth, more effective to investigate symbolic dimensions (Morgan and Smircich, 1980). It is based on all these arguments, that this study adopts a qualitative method, trying to put into full play the advantages that qualitative method possesses in studying the Chinese leadership style in Public Sectors. 3.4 Interviews 3.4.1 Interviews as a qualitative method Based on the methodological discussions, interview was chosen as the most appropriate method of data collection for the research at hand. This method is the most frequently used qualitative method and recommended in situations where a detailed understanding of complicated behavior is sought and where detailed probing of the respondent is anticipated. Kvale and Birnkmann (2009) emphasize a qualitative research interview as a professional conversation focusing on an alternation, which occurs on the personal interaction between the interviewer and the interviewee around a particular issue or range of topics and on the descriptive data conducted through that interaction. Unstructured interviews 3.4.2 Semi-structured interviews In this study, semi-structured interviews were applied as a research tool. Semi-structured interviews form an important part of qualitative research (Cassell and Symon, 2004). In semi-structured interviews, the interviewer designs a general structure by deciding in advance what ground is to be covered and what questions are to be asked. This leaves the detailed structure to be worked out during the interview. The interviewee is given considerable freedom to express his/her views on his/her own words. This results in them raising issues and topic that the researcher may not have thought about as important for the study (Banister and Booth, 2005). The interviewer can respond using prompts, and follow-up questions to encourage the interviewee to clarify or expand on their answers. He/She can also react via facial expression and body language. This would allow the interviewer to innovate and give the interview a direction (King, 2004) and get explanatory answers for questions about peoples behavior and opinions (Saunders et al, 2003; Banister and Booth, 2005). This is one of the strengths of this kind of interviews. In summary, semi-structured interviews provide the opportunity for the researcher to probe deeply to uncover new clues, open up new dimensions of a problem and to secure vivid, accurate inclusive accounts that are based on personal experienced (Easterby-Smith et al., 2002). In semi-structured interviews, the application of probing is one of the most significant techniques. Probing centers on assisting the interviewee in continuing to speak his/her mind by the interviewer posing questions fully and relevantly (Cooper and Schinder, 2000). Patton (1990) identifies three types of probing techniques, namely detail-oriented probes, elaboration probes, and clarification probes. In this study, the elaboration probe is employed to encourage the interviewee to express more feelings (Patton, 1990). The interviewer took the initiative and encouraged the interviewee by supplementing questions like What makes you think so?; Can you give some examples?; Can you tell me more about this? etc. For semi-structured interviews, basic structures and frameworks are necessary. Before conducting the interviews, boundaries were drawn with pertinence to the research questions and research objectives. In turn, boundaries and framework also provide reference for the judgment of data to be obtained. Without boundaries and framework, the discussion can go on different track and become too general (Denzin and Lincoln, 2000). With boundaries set to the interview, the interviewer can not only maintain the exploratory principles through the use of major topic themes within the questions but also had sufficient flexibility to extend the boundaries of the original theme or to vary the sequence and emphasis of the questions (Corbetta, 2003;Kvale, 1996; Miller and Brewer, 2003). 3.4.3 Framing the interview questions Framing the questions for the interview is very important. The questions allow respondents to quantify individual experiences and convey the results or answers that are expected from the research (Denzin and Lincoln, 2000; Easterby-Smith et al., 2002). Silverman (2001) and King (2004) suggest that research questions should not reflect the researchers own presuppositions or biases. Saunder et al. (2003) also stress that the questions framed should not be leading or suggesting a restricted set of answers. The interview questions in this study include a series of open-ended questions (Appendix). This is because open-ended questions provide the opportunity to gather an authentic understanding of peoples experience (Silverman, 1999). Moreover, they also allow the interview respondents to talk freely and explain their understanding on Chinese leadership style and Chinese and Western cultural effects on framing such kind of leadership style. As discussed above, discussion on these questions may move beyond the research boundaries, therefore sub-questions have been framed to direct the discussion in the required directions. 3.5 Sampling Sampling for qualitative research seeks to provide explanations of attitudes and behavior rather than quantify their extent in the population. According to National Centre for Social Research (2002), qualitative samples should not be as large as survey samples or to be statistically representative. Rather, qualitative samples should be selected purposively to encompass the range and diversity present in the target population. Miles and Huberman (1994) also assert that qualitative researchers should work with small samples of people, bound by specific contexts, and studied in depth. In this study, unstructured interviews were conducted individually with five senior managers from five organizations of the Public Sector in Tianjin, as well as semi-structured interviews were employed seven subordinates of these managers. Therefore the sample size of the study is twelve. Additionally, nonprobability sampling, a non-random and subjective sampling method (Cooper and Schindler, 1999) is used for this research. Different from random sampling, this method allowed the interviewer to choose sample members as she wished or wherever she could find them. Another concept related to nonprobability sampling is judgment sampling. As one kind of nonprobability samplings, judgment sampling is used to select sample members to conform to some criterion (Cooper and Schindler, 2000). With the application of judgment sampling, people who work as managers in Public Sector in Tianjin were selected for main target samples, and their subordinates for sub-target samples. Since the study is to investigate the general perception of the leadership style in Public Sector in Tianjin, the sampling frame of this study is the public in general who work in different managerial levels in Public Sector in Tianjin. 3.6 Data collection 3.6.1 Data collection procedure The data collected for this dissertation has been obtained from a combination of both secondary and primary sources. The secondary data include a selection of variety of books, journals and articles. The primary data were gathered from a series of unstructured and semi-structured interviews. In total, 12 interviews were undertaken with interviewees form 5 organizations in Public Sector in Tianjin (Appendix). These multiple sources of data allowed the researchers to address a broader range of historical, attitudinal, and observation issues (Yin, 1989). Furthermore, multiple sources of evidences provided multiple perspectives of the same phenomenon. Participants in this study ranged from general staff to senior managers. The judgment sampling method employed here correlates with one of the approaches described by Mason (1996) in that it seeks to provide a detailed view of particular units; not with any intent to act in a representative way of the wider population but to generate theory that may be applied or evaluated within a broader context. Five senior managers form different organizations are researchers relatives. The close relationship, therefore, contributed to both fulfillment of the interviews and the in-depth exploration of the research. In addition, seven subordinates work with five managers respectively. Subordinates perception of their managers characteristics could enrich the performance of the research. As a result, this elicited 12 interviews that formed the database of this study. The five organizations from which 12 interviewees stemmed cover the following five sectors: Economy and Trade Commission Justice Bureau Department of Cultural Affairs Urban Planning Bureau Public Primary School Interviews were undertaken in June and July 2010. Among the 12 interviews, five with senior managers were conducted in their houses or the researchers house, and each interview lasted 40 minutes around. Others 7 were taped in interviewees offices, lasting 20-30 minutes respectively. Moreover, interviews were conducted in the interviewees native language (Chinese) so that the subject was able to express their ideas fully. All the interviews took place in a private and quiet environment with only the interviewer and interviewee present. All participants were made fully aware of the details of the study. The schedules were directly and respectively sent to all participants ahead of the interviews so as to confirm the researchers intent to record the interview via audiotape and to introduce the arrangements related to confidentiality. All participants consented to the using of the tape recorder during the interviews. Such pre-interview communication proved important, because on the one hand, it allowed the participants enough time to get into the purpose and questions of the interview; on the other hand, it played an essential role in requesting informed consents (Kvale and Birnkmann, 2009) from the participants, assuring them of safety, showing respect to their dignity, rights, and well-being. Especially when conducting qualitative research with sensitive topics, such ethical issues need to be a concern of the researcher (Malhotra, 2004), since there is much closer interaction between the interviewer and the individual examined (King, 2004) and usually more personal or sensitive information is shared. Therefore, the researcher had the responsibility to care for the rights and needs of the respondents (Kvale and Birnkmann, 2009). All this also supported the development of trust in the interaction of the interviewee with the interviewer to ensure that they would be as truthful and open about their experiences and feelings as possible (Easterby-Smith et al., 1999) 3.6.2 Data analysis As is typical in qualitative research (Creswell, 1994), data analysis proceeded in tandem with data collection. The interview transcripts served as the basis for the data analysis. After a general sense of the information gathered through reading the transcripts several times (Creswell, 2003), coding of the data was used to analyze the interviews. Coding is defined as the formal process of selecting all the usable material from the complete data collected (Fisher, 2004). To code the data, it would be useful to identify clear themes at the initial stage. Hence, themes that consistently emerged in the interviews were identified and the material was divided into chunks and allocated to the themes (Creswell, 2003; Fisher, 2004). This approach to data analysis has the advantage as it is flexible and can be adapted to the needs of the study while it still forces the researcher to take a well-structured approach to analyzing the data, which assists in creating a clear and organized account of the findings. Therefore, after the transcription of the interview data from the audiotapes, the data analysis was categorized into four theme sections. The process of coding and analyzing data was ongoing and continued throughout the formulation of the subsequent chapters. Therefore, codes remained open to modification until the end of the study and were modified and developed as the analysis proceeded (Fisher, 2004). In the analysis process, the method of direct quotations was used to illustrate informants responses precisely. Additionally, examples of contradicting arguments of the interviewees were included to ensure a balanced account of the data gathered. This enhanced the validity and authenticity of the research (Creswell, 2003; Spiggle, 1994). The presentation of the findings is structured around the main themes identified. Care was taken not to drift towards generalizations but keep in mind the individual experiences from which these themes were developed (Creswell, 2003; King, 2004). 3.7Limitations Undertaking any form of research regardless of methodology or study design takes the author on a journey that is often challenging and frustrating. A potential major weakness of the research method employed in this study could be the problem of bias. Bell and Opie (1999) suggested that interview as a qualitative method is highly subjective technique and therefore there is always the danger of bias. This is true because there is a strong possibility that interviewees might choose not to reveal all issues related to the research questions due to feelings of embarrassment or a lack of knowledge on the topic and confusion etc. The researcher may tend to seek out answers that support preconceived notions. This may not be deliberate but may arise due to the classification of information and the flow of analytical thinking. Such a bias may limit the scope of the available data in relation to the study themes (Miller and Brewer, 2003) and greatly influence the reliability of the data collected. However, as Gavron (1966) suggested, awareness of the problem plus constant self-control can help alleviate the degree of bias. Another challenge that this study was facing is the transcribing of data. Since all interviews were conducted in Chinese, transcribing from the record in the audiotape into English written words may easily involve errors. This may occur due to the misunderstanding or mishearing of respondents words or ignoring the emotionally loaded intonations. Moreover, the language barrier constitutes another problem. Although the researcher tried her best to maintain the authenticity and reliability of the data, the slangs, jargons, colloquial expressions and established phrases in one language may not be possibly given a parallel in another language. Therefore, all that the researcher could do was to try to avoid any interventions and misunderstandings during the interview and repeated respondents key points in front of the respondents so as to ensure that interviewees opinions were fully and accurately understood by the researcher.